3 Common Types of Phrasal-Adjective Hyphenation Errors

3 Common Types of Phrasal-Adjective Hyphenation Errors 3 Common Types of Phrasal-Adjective Hyphenation Errors 3 Common Types of Phrasal-Adjective Hyphenation Errors By Mark Nichol One of the most ubiquitous categories of error in written composition is failure to provide a visual clue to readers that two or more words preceding a noun are temporarily functioning as a single unit of information. After each of the sentences below, a discussion explains one of several types of such mistakes, and revisions demonstrate correct usage. 1. This new work will represent one of the highest profile projects. The basic phrasal adjective consist of two words combined to modify a noun, and the basic error in the use of phrasal adjectives is to omit a hyphen, which is often (but not always) necessary: â€Å"This new work will represent one of the highest-profile projects.† (Exceptions include terms listed in the dictionary as open permanent compounds, such as â€Å"income tax.†) 2. The agency recommends removal of the four-business day limit. Another type of hyphenation error with phrasal adjectives is hyphenating only the first and second words in a three-word string that modifies a noun. Here, the sentence is revised to reflect that the reference is to a limit of four business days, not a day limit of four businesses: â€Å"The agency recommends removal of the four-business-day limit.† 3. This guide includes a special supplement on the first of its kind regulation requiring certification and screening programs. Errors also occur when a writer fails to acknowledge that an entire phrase- which, like other phrasal adjectives, needs no hyphenation in isolation (For example, in â€Å"This regulation is the first of its kind†)- requires the connective symbols in before-the-noun mode: â€Å"This guide includes a special supplement on the first-of-its-kind regulation requiring certification and screening programs.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseOne "L" or Two?

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With

The Best AP Biology Notes to Study With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It's natural for your in-class notes to get a little disorganized in a course that covers as much material as AP Biology. If you're missing a couple of sections of notes or if you just want to see a clearer outline of how the course is structured, this article will be helpful. I've compiled all the information you need to know for the AP Biology test in the form of links to online notes and descriptions of labs. I'll also follow up with some tips on using these notes effectively. How to Use These AP Biology Notes The notes in this article can be used to study for tests throughout the year that deal with smaller portions of the curriculum, or they can be referenced in your studying for the final exam. In both cases, supplement them with information from a textbook and/or review book. You should also incorporate practice questions, quizzes, and tests into your studying to solidify your knowledge of the material. You can find these resources in my AP Biology study guide, a review book, your textbook, or the materials provided by your teacher. In-class tests, quizzes, and labs are also useful study aids. Don’t just read through the notes once and expect to do well! Since AP Biology requires a significant amount of analysis and critical thinking beyond memorization, you need to practice answering questions that test skills beyond the basic knowledge you’ll get from the notes. If you’re using these notes to study for a particular portion of the AP Biology course, you can find the appropriate topic area in the list below. I’ve organized the topics according to the four Big Ideas of the course so that you can find the unit you're looking for more easily. If you’re using these notes to study for the final exam, assess your strengths and weaknesses first so that you can prioritize the right content areas. Take a diagnostic test to determine how high you’re currently scoring and which types of questions give you the most trouble. You can use a test from a review book, or you can use one that you find online (just make sure it's the new version with 69 questions on the multiple choice section!). Print it out and give yourself the appropriate amount of time for each section so that you’re not caught off-guard by time constraints on the real exam. If you're practicing for in-class tests, you should also rehearse your creepy stare so that your teacher will be too terrified to give you anything less than an A. AP Biology Notes In this section, I’ll give you links to some resources for notes on every aspect of the AP Biology curriculum. Make sure you supplement them with class notes and records of your lab assignments. CourseNotes I found some of the most comprehensive and up-to-date AP Biology notes on CourseNotes. I’ve provided links to notes on specific topics to make it easier for you to target areas that are difficult for you. One downside to these notes is that there’s a ton of text and no pictures to break it up. If you find that this format doesn’t work well for you, consider getting a review book or consulting one of the other resources I’ll list in the next section. Big Idea 1: The Process of Evolution Drives the Diversity and Unity of Life Includes: Natural selection Hardy-Weinberg Biodiversity Vertebrates Invertebrates Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Protists Fungi Plant evolution Animal evolution Big Idea 2: Biological Systems Utilize Free Energy and Molecular Building Blocks to Grow, to Reproduce and to Maintain Dynamic Homeostasis Includes: Molecular biology Water Carbon/molecular diversity of life Macromolecules Homeostasis Photosynthesis Cellular respiration Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport chain Anaerobic respiration Metabolism Cell structure Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Eukaryotic cell structure Cell membrane properties Active transport Passive transport Phospholipid bilayer Immune response Big Idea 3: Living Systems Store, Receive, Transmit and Respond to Information Essential to Life Processes Includes: Genes DNA structure and replication Mendel and the laws of inheritance Cell cycle Mitosis Meiosis Cancerous cells Cell communication Viruses Endocrine system Nervous system Big Idea 4: Biological Systems Interact, and These Systems and Their Interactions Possess Complex Properties Includes: How Plants Work Plant Structure Transport in Vascular Plants Plant Nutrition Circulatory system and respiratory system Digestive system Excretory system Muscular and skeletal systems Ecology Behavioral Population Community So many Big Ideas! Other Content Resources There are also a couple additional places where you can find notes on specific sections of the course. These resources are slightly outdated (they're tailored to the format of either the pre-2012 AP Biology curriculum or older textbooks), but they still contain information that may be useful in your studying. This page, for example, has notes on most topics covered in the current curriculum. There are also these notes on the 7th edition of the Campbell textbook; it’s not the most recent version of the book, but it might be helpful. The main difference between these notes and the notes in the previous section is that they aren't organized by Big Idea (the Big Ideas are an innovation of the new AP Biology curriculum), so it's not as easy to connect terms and concepts to larger themes as you review. Lab Summaries There are thirteen labs included in the AP Biology curriculum. Here’s a link to a page that briefly goes through all of the labs you’ll complete in a standard AP Biology class. Labs are also categorized by "Big Idea." If you're using these documents to review your lab assignments, skip to the second section of each PDF (where the page headers become red instead of blue). Labs for Big Idea 1 Artificial selection Mathematical modeling (Hardy-Weinberg) Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships Labs for Big Idea 2 Diffusion and Osmosis Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Labs for Big Idea 3 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA Labs for Big Idea 4 Energy Dynamics Transpiration Fruit Fly Behavior Enzyme Activity Make sure you also go through the actual lab work you did in class. Your own reports and data are the most valuable resources for reviewing this aspect of the AP curriculum. Big Picture Summaries The notes in this section are useful for revisiting major topics right before the exam. This packet covers all the main concepts you'll need to learn for AP Biology. You can also take a look at this extremely detailed review sheet that provides a similar rundown of the most essential parts of the course. If you want more guidance in your studying, consider buying a review book. Read my guide to the best review books for AP Biology here. AP Biology Studying: Let’s Talk Strategy Before you dive into the notes, read these tips so you can make the most out of the time you spend getting cozy with biological facts. Tip #1: Draw Diagrams and Rewrite Definitions There are many complex concepts that you’ll need to understand to do well on any assessment in AP Biology. These can be difficult to master just by reading notes. I find that drawing out the processes described in your textbook and notes can be very helpful in bridging the gap between memorization and genuine understanding. If you draw a diagram of the different parts of a cell or the process of cellular respiration, it will make more sense to you logically and will be easier to recall on the test. If this seems too involved, you can try rewriting the complex explanation in your own words to simplify it and make it easier to remember. Even just the act of writing it down will help you remember it better. Tip #2: Remember the Big Ideas Each concept in AP Biology falls under the larger umbrella of one of the four Big Ideas of the course. Remember not to lose sight of these ideas when you’re studying. As you review each smaller process or concept, link it back to a main theme. This will help you to contextualize it within the framework of the course as a whole and apply your knowledge logically to unfamiliar scenarios that may be presented on the test. In AP Biology (and the subject of Biology as a whole), everything is connected. Tip #3: Hit Refresh Remembering something right after you’ve studied it is one thing, and remembering it in the long term is another. After you get through a few sections of notes, go back and do a quick review of all the information you’ve learned. I’d also recommend doing this after you get through all the notes that pertain to a Big Idea for the course. It will help you to synthesize and retain the information so it doesn’t fall out of your brain as soon as you move onto the next topic (which can happen in AP Biology because there are so many details to remember!). Tip #4: Study the Method, Not Just the Information It’s easy to get caught up in going over the minuscule details of every topic in AP Biology, but you should devote at least some of your time to reviewing labs and general experimental principles. This includes concepts like dependent and independent variables, control groups, and unit conversions. You’ll see quite a few questions on the AP test (and most likely on your in-class tests throughout the year) that deal with experimental scenarios. It's much less stressful to answer these types of questions if you’re familiar with how similar experiments were conducted in your class. Conclusion You can continue to use this article as a reference point as you progress through the AP Biology curriculum. These notes should help you study for in-class assessments and the final AP test. Take practice tests often, and go over any areas where you feel less confident. If you take the time to prepare appropriately, you'll be pleasantly surprised by how little stress you feel on test day! What's Next? Is AP Biology especially challenging compared to other APs? Read this article for a detailed discussion on the difficulty level of the course and exam. Many students who take AP Biology also take the Biology SAT Subject Test. Learn more about the differences between the two exams and whether one is more important than the other in college admissions. As you review your notes for the AP, be sure to check out our biology topic guides. We go over the difference between homologous and analogous structures, what the photosynthesis equation is and how to use it, and the purpose of enzymes. We also teach you about cell theory and cell biology (including the cell membrane and endoplasmic reticulum). Are you planning on applying to Ivy League or other highly selective colleges? Find out how many AP classes you should take in high school to end up with the strongest chance of acceptance. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Introduction to Psychology ........Midterm quiz, Essay

Introduction to Psychology ........Midterm quiz, - Essay Example Moreover, some of the behaviors are the outcomes of unconscious mental activities. In other words, mental processes are conscious and unconscious. But we don’t know which behavior is the outcome of the conscious or unconscious mental processes. So psychological studies based on mental processes alone may not be logical In an experiment to determine whether a drug reduces anxiety, the experimenter manipulates who in the experiment gets the drug and who gets the placebo.   The variable that is manipulated is the drug.   In a double-blind experiment, neither the individuals nor the researchers know who belongs to the control group and the experimental group. In the above experiment the experimenter knows which subjects are getting the drug and placebo. In order to make the above experiment a double blinded one the experimenter should also unaware of what is given to the subjects.   A psychologist decides to study whether Buddhist meditation reduces anxiety and interviews 20 people who meditate regularly and 20 people who do not meditate at all.   The experimenter asks a series of questions designed to test anxiety level and finds that those who engage in meditation have less anxiety.     It is possible that people who are less anxious to begin with choose to meditate. Moreover it is not clear from the study that whether the subjects were suffering from anxiety disorders or not before the start of the meditation. It is also not clear that whether the subjects used any other medications at the time of testing the Buddhist meditations. The selection criteria of the subjects are also not evident from the study. It is quiet possible that some of the subjects might be children who usually experiences less anxiety compared to adults.    Identical twins come from same egg and sperm whereas the fraternal twins come from different eggs and sperms. Thus Fraternal twins develop

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 24

Case Study Example The advent of the internet has enabled the book publishers as well as book retail stores like B&N to sell e-books, devices to read them on, and apps that improve the reading experience. The publishing companies have been forced to commence releasing books as apps in addition to physical books. Book apps are adding new features, such as flip through photo albums, image enlargement, listen to music characters within the book, and read instant messages. The online booksellers as well as e-books do not have overhead costs. Following Porters value chain analysis, the primary activities are directly associated with physical creation, sale and support of the product (Porters, 2006). They comprise of: inbound logistics are processes related to receiving, storing and distributing inputs internally. The publishers print the books and store them internally; operations involve the activities that change inputs into outputs sold to consumers. This entails transformation of content to digital form; outbound logistics entails delivering the product to the customer. This is usually attained through apps; marketing and sales of e-books has been very competitive with firms like Amazon and B&N outdoing each other; service involves maintaining the value of the product. The booksellers have ensured that they develop an e-reader, market it, and set manufacturing and retail operations for the device. The publishing industry has been significantly affected by the new market entrants. The major competitors of B&N in the e-selling of books include Google, Amazon and Apple. The publishing companies are investing in resources like Kindle and iPads as delivery platforms for their books. In order to gain market share, a company needs to contend with increased competition. In the case of B&N, for them to gain market share and stay afloat they needed to contend with stiff competition from Apple, Google, and Amazon. Competitors such as Amazon aims at eliminating the publishers

Marathon Running Essay Example for Free

Marathon Running Essay Runners come in all shapes and sizes. I have seen 300-pound men and women at the start of a race and in contrast the chiseled muscles of the elite runners. The reasons for running are as various as the runners themselves. Some run for weight lose, mental or physical health, competition, and charity. There are many physical health benefits for running; â€Å"Human bodies burn about 2,000-2,500 calories a day in normal activities. Running 5 miles a day can burn an additional 500 calories. † If this same formula holds true, a person completing a marathon will have burnt close to 2,600 calories. However, how fast a person doesn’t correspond with how much weight they may loose while running. â€Å"For example, a 220-pound person running an eight-minute mile burns 150 calories, while a 120-pound person running at the same pace burns only 82. Every person’s body requires an excess of 3,500 calories in order to gain a pound or a deficit of 3,500 calories in order to lose a pound. Thus, 180-pound person who runs 5 miles each day will lose about 5 pounds a month. However, as his or her weight goes down, he or she will burn fewer calories per mile† according to a study conducted at Vanderbilt University. According to Runner’s World editor Hal Higgdon. â€Å"Running can also have many psychological benefits. Most significantly runners typically report being happier and feeling less stressed than their counterparts who do not run or exercise regularly. Running actually has the ability to alter an individuals moods because hormones called endorphins are released while running. These hormones create a sense of euphoria often referred to as a runner’s high and can result in an improvement in the runner’s mood. † With these endorphins being released into the runner’s body, running can be very addictive. A man or woman can feel like they’ve been turned into Michael Jordan and anything, even running 26 miles, is possible. Running a marathon and the distances to train are also almost spiritual. When I run I am able to solve my companies, personal, families, and the whole worlds problems. I have come up with some of the most life altering and affirming choices in the sunrise of an 8-mile run. Running is also a great stress reliever while running I am able to focus on the road and the miles as they build. I am able to forget about the office, family, or other concerns. There are 26. reasons why a marathon is hard. To put this distance in perspective if you were to drive your car at 60 mph it would take a half an hour to drive that distance. But while running the marathon there is no downtime. You’re the machine, says physical therapist Jim Wharton of New York-based Wharton Performance, which trains world-class athletes. The debate about the difficulty of the marathon, doesn t center just on the physical aspects. Motivation, confidence and mental toughness are necessary, says Stephen Russo, director of sports psychology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Health System. Running is painful; it’s tedious, and exhausting. After a few miles our bodies scream for us to stop and rest. When the body screams stop that is when the mind takes over and you keep running. Through my experiences in running and race competitions I can say a marathon is not something that can be described it is something must be experienced. In a marathon the participant will be competing against hundreds and in larger races thousands of other hopefuls. In many marathons time restrictions are placed on which the marathon will end. -8 hours after the marathon has began, barricades will be removed and the race rout will be dismantled. If a runner is unable to finish in the allotted time the race officials may take them to the finish line and will not allowed to finish. However during those 6-8 hours a runner can run, jog, or walk any distance they want. When Khalid Khannouchi won the London Marathon last year, he didnt do any walking: He set a world record of 2 hours, 5 minutes and 38 seconds. For elite athletes like Khannouchi distance running is a way of life. Marathoners seem either to be training or getting ready for the next workout. You wake up every morning and you know what you have to do. You have long mileage to accumulate. Sometimes youre already tired from your last two or three workouts. You still have to wake up, have the motivation and go outside and do the training. † Khannouchi said. For me running is not simply about the weight loss or the constant inquires of family, friends, and co-workers who ask, â€Å"How many mile(s) did you run today? † When I run I am only accountable to my trusty stopwatch and myself. The marathon is my Everest. I will be back. Standing there with hundreds of other runners in tank tops and short on a cold fall morning, waiting for the starter pistol. I dont run for the medal or the crowd I run for me. I run despite the 9 times out of 10 it will hurt, but I keep going. I run for that one time that it doesn’t and I am able to finish my run and look down at my stop watch and be excited about a new personal best time, if only a few seconds. I run because I know it will hurt but I keep going and I won’t give into the pain. I am an athlete. I am runner.

The Roots of Human Nature Essay -- Human Nature Humanity Civilization

The Roots of Human Nature The roots of human nature are sunk deep into our history and experiences. When in our own lives we are to find the basis of our human nature, we must look to our early years, the formative years. Now take for example if we placed a newborn in the wild or in a high-class, well-mannered, wealthy family. The human nature of the newborn in the wild will be exactly that, wild and chaotic. While on the other hand the newborn in the well-mannered society will be well mannered and moralistic. Human nature is defined by the values that are taught and the values that society defines, if there are no societal values, human nature is doomed and lessened to that of wolves. Society defines the values and morals for its people to live by, common values. These values affect human nature and affect the way an even slightly self-conscious person behaves. An example of one of these societal values is table manners. Society has defined over hundreds of years of history to eat accompanied by utensils. So ciety also has set the value and that eating with your bare hands is â€Å"un-civilized.† Another example of a moralistic standard is not to steal. This value is taught by our parents and members of the society, the human society. So human nature has a conscience because of social morals and values. The formation and situation of human nature is dependent on these â€Å"guidelines.† Some people’s human nature may be to steal, maybe to survive but most humans have this as a wrong...

History of Electrocardiography Machine Essay

History of electrocardiography prevails over two centuries as an intellectual exercise as the process of inventing an electrocardiogram started with the Galvani’s idea of animal electricity. In 1842 this idea was further reinforced by Italian physicist Carlo Matteucci who illustrated by his experiments that electric current could be quantified from inactive heart muscle. German physiologist Emil Dubois-Reymond further explored this phenomenon and confirmed Carlo Matteucci’s conclusion and labeled this changing current in the resting muscle as â€Å"action potential†. He further developed a device that could deliver stimulation pulses to the muscles and was capable of computing discharge current of muscles at short intervals. In 1856 Rudolph von Koelliker and Heinrich Muller recorded an â€Å"action potentialâ€Å"on the spotaneous beating heart. But the major development came in 1872 when French physicist Gabriel Lippmann introduced a capillary electrometer. This capillary electrometer was based on the principle of â€Å"polarization† and â€Å"surface tension†. Structurally it was a slender glass tube with mercury-sulphuric acid base. The mercury meniscus stirred with the influx of electrical potential and was observable by a microscope. In 1893, Willem Einthoven who is considered as the inventor of modern electric cardiogram and its various principles used the term ‘electrocardiogram’ at a conference of the Dutch Medical Association. But major development occurred during the three years staring from 1901 when Einthoven dissatisfied with capillary electrometer and it slow response, designed a string galvanometer. This galvanometer contained a string eletromagnet to produce a magnetic flux, two piece poles, a quartz string between the two piece poles, peepholes in the two piece poles to observe the position of string. It further contained a lamp and timing systen to examine the shadow of string at different time intervals. The weight of this whole apparatus was about 600 pounds. He further modified the string galvanometer to invent a more effective electrocardiograms. However in 1902, Einthoven brought out the first electrocardiogram that was recorded on his string galvanometer. This was a giant’s leap in the history of bio-medical. In order to produce string galvanometer on commercial level, Einthoven discussed the possibilities with Horace Darwin of Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company of London. So this event made the electrocardiogram to come out of experimentation and to be used in medical profession. Einthoven, in 1906, circulated the first presentation electrocardiograms recorded with a string galvanometer. These electrocardiograms included the specimen of left and right ventricular and atrial, atrial flutter, ventricular premature beats etc. In 1910, Horatio Williams who was professor at Cornell University Medical College, New York issued electrocardiograms of patient that manifest atrial and ventricular ectopics, ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation that were recorded in hospital using a complex system of cables. This was first large-scale use of electrocardiograms in the hospitals. With the advent and introduction of vacuum tubes, the electric galvanometer was further modified and improved. In 1926, Ernestine and Levine used these vacuum tubes to produce enlarged images. Cathode rays tube further helped to produce portable electrocardiograms. Today electrocardiograms works on the same principles that were devised Einthoven in the first decade of 20th century. References Burchell HB. A centennial note on Waller and the first human electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1987; 59:979-983 Burch, G.E. A History of Electrocardiography. Chicago. Year Book Medical. 1964. Burnett J. The origins of the electrocardiograph as a clinical instrument. Medical History Supplement 5: 1985, 53-76. Published as a monograph. The emergence of modern cardiology. Bynum WF, Lawrence C, Nutton V, eds. Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine:1985. Fye WB. A history of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:937-949 Plonsey, R. Bioelectric Phenomenon. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1972.

Building stone conservation

The construction industry and its activities have an important role to play in socioeconomic development and quality of life. Construction activity accounts for more than 50% of the national outlays. Building Construction costs registered an increase in rates year after year at scales much faster than inflation. It is seen that in view of the increase in cost for basic input materials like steel, cement brick timber and other materials as well as the cost of construction labour, buildings cost increase at around 20% to 30% annually even when inflation is in single digit.Even though income levels of people are by and large brought in line with the levels of inflation through inflation indexed rise in salaries, year after year, housing is moving beyond the reach of the majority of the people. The reducing housing size for various categories in consecutive years in respect of the plinth areas, nature of specifications even with increased income levels would indicate the rapid increase i n cost of construction.The urban population growth has increased to more than 30%, and has made the need for adequate housing for low income people a very important concern for the government. However, the rush to respond to these needs seems to result in a low quality housing that does not adequately match the needs of these people. In countries where construction contributed 3-5% to GDP, an implication for development policy was that unless the construction industry grew faster than the economy as a whole it might constrain national development (Han and Ofori, 2001).The construction industry is a main contributor to the national economy, therefore the more developed the industry is the more the contribution to the economy. Similarly, a developing economy leads to more construction projects and purchasing ower means affordable projects. The interlink relation between the construction industry and the economy makes it clear that development can not occur without the other, although a growing construction industry does not necessarily mean a developing industry nor economy.In fact, the increase in construction prices could cause an artificial indication of the contribution of the construction industry to the GDP and economy. Furthermore the increase in construction costs always occurs faster than the increase in the GDP/capita. Approximate costs generally include mechanical and electrical installations, but exclude furniture, loose or special quipment, and external works. They also exclude fees for professional services and permission fees. The costs shown are appropriate to local specifications and standards.This should be borne in mind when attempting comparisons with similarly described building types in other countries. One of the main barriers to sustainability and sustainable construction will be affordability. The construction industry in developing countries cannot afford to make any dramatic changes but has to start improving the existing technology an d local resources it has. In less than two decades, the construction costs have increased by a considerable rate. This is in respect of the normal types of housing construction.Still higher levels of costs are registered for using better finishes and amenities. The current situation of un- affordability, necessitates the need for using economical solutions and appropriate designs and construction materials which can bring down the cost of construction within the affordability levels of the people, as identified in the Agenda 21 for sustainable construction in Developing Countries which concerns with construction economic efficiency through national and international housing policies that ensure adequate, affordable and sustainable housing.Authors such as Adebayo (2000), McIntosh (2000) and Aboutorabi (2000) has addressed out that the sustainability development of the built environment is significantly linked to affordability, and affordability will remain a key barrier to sustainabi lity. CONCLUSION The development of the construction industry should lead to affordable construction activities and materials, which is one of the main issues of sustainability in the developing countries. It seems that the development of the construction industry to achieve efficiency, quality, affordability and then sustainability is strongly tied to the economy.

Issues Around The Elderly And Mental Health Social Work Essay Essays

Issues Around The Elderly And Mental Health Social Work Essay Essays Issues Around The Elderly And Mental Health Social Work Essay Essay Issues Around The Elderly And Mental Health Social Work Essay Essay these people are now in their retirement old ages ( Summers Et Al, 2006 ) , and our population now contains larger per centum of older people that of all time. In society today elder people are going the fastest increasing population in the UK, National Statistics ( 2009 ) states that the population of the UK is ageing. Over the last 25 old ages the per centum of the population aged 65 and over increased from 15 per cent in 1983 to 16 per cent in 2008, an addition of 1.5 million people in this age group . Due to the addition of the ageing population we are now seeing emerging wellness and societal attention issues in our society. Many older people will be active, involved within the community, and independent of others. However, as you get older it is natural to see hurting, a diminution in mobility or mental consciousness. Mind ( 2010 ) states that the most common mental wellness jobs in older people are depression and dementedness. There is a widespread belief that these jobs are a natural portion of the ageing procedure, but this non the instance ; it can get down as early 40 but is more common in older people ( Royal college of Psychiatrists, 2009 ) , nevertheless, there merely 20 per cent of people over 85, and 5 per cent over 65, have dementia ; 10-15 per cent of people over 65 have depression ( Mind, 2010 ) . It is of import to retrieve that the bulk of older people remain in good mental wellness. Dementia chiefly affects older people, although it can impact younger people ; there are 15,000 people in the UK under the age of 65 who have dementia ( Alzheimer s society, 2010 ) . However, currently 700,000 or one individual in every 88 in the UK have dementia, incurring a annual cost of ?17bn, and the London School of Economics and Institute of Psychiatry research calculated that more that 1.7 m illion people will hold dementia by 2051 reported by BBC intelligence ( 2007 ) . The word dementedness comes from the Latin demens intending without a head . Mentions to dementia can be found in Roman medical texts and in the philosophical plants of Cicero. The term dementedness came into common use from the eighteenth Century when it had both clinical and legal intensions. Dementia implied a deficiency of competency and an inability to pull off one s ain personal businesss. Medical usage of the term dementedness evolved throughout the nineteenth century and was used to depict people whose mental disablements were secondary to get encephalon harm, normally degenerative and frequently associated with old age ( Kennard 2006 ) . From the twentieth century onwards scientific cognition was supplemented through the scrutiny of the encephalon and encephalon tissue which was founded and performed by a physician Alois Alzheimer ( Plontz, 2010 ) . The National service model ( Department of Health, 2001, p96 ) now defines dementia as a clinical syndrome characterised by a widespread loss of mental map . The term dementia is used to depict the symptoms that occur in a group of diseases that affect the normal on the job maps of the encephalon. This can take to a diminution of mental ability, impacting memory, thought, job resolution, concentration and perceptual experience, besides jobs with address and apprehension ( Mind, 2010 ) . Dementia is progressive, which means the symptoms will bit by bit acquire worse. How fast dementedness advancements will depend on the person. Each individual is alone and will see dementedness in their ain manner ( Alzheimer s society, 2010 ) . Symptoms of dementia include: Loss of memory, Mood alterations, and Communication jobs. In the ulterior phases of dementedness, the individual affected will hold jobs transporting out mundane undertakings, and will go progressively dependent on other people, two tierces of people with dementia live in the community while one 3rd live in a attention place ( Alzheimer s society, 2010 ) . There are many types of dem entedness, and some of the causes of dementedness are rarer than others, Alzheimer s disease is the most common cause, damaged tissue builds up in the encephalon to organize sedimentations called plaques and tangles , these cause the encephalon cells around them to decease ( Royal college of Psychiatrists, 2009 ) . Other most commonly known is vascular disease, Dementia with Lewy organic structures, Fronto-temporal dementedness. Largely, patients themselves do non show to the clinician with dementedness, owing to gradual oncoming and denial of the job. There is no remedy for dementedness but there is medicine that will assist to decelerate down the patterned advance of the disease. When happening aid for dementedness it is normally the primary carers, health professionals, protagonists, spouses or household members who initiate inquiring aid and a diagnosing ( Brodaty, 1990 ) . Depression may be misdiagnosed as dementedness the difference being that people who have depression are more likely to be cognizant of their issues therefore are able to discourse them, whereas person with dementedness may non be able to make this due to their symptoms. However, the Mental Capacity Act ( 2005 ) states that every individual has the right to do their ain determinations and must be assumed to hold capacity unless otherwise proven and people should be supported to do any determinations. Under the MCA, you are required to do an appraisal of capacity before transporting out any attention or intervention ( Office of the public defender, 2009 ) . The Mental capacity act is an act that protects single rights and ensures that the individual s autonomy is non taken. It is based on best pattern and creates a individual, consistent model for covering with mental capacity issues and an improved system for settling differences, covering with personal public assistance issues and th e belongings and personal businesss of people who lack capacity. It puts the person who lacks capacity at the bosom of determination devising and places a strong accent on back uping and enabling the person to do their ain determinations ( Office of the public defender, 2009 ) . However, even with a construction in topographic point to protect person s rights and autonomies many people who have dementia are more vulnerable to mistreat due to their deficiency of capacity. The University College London research revealed that a 3rd of carers admitted important maltreatment , in entire 115 carers reported at least some opprobrious behavior, and 74 reported more serious degrees of mistreatment ( Cooper et Al, 2009 ) . Health professionals can besides be on the having terminal of verbal or physical maltreatment directed at them by parents or partners who are confused and angry over worsening mental capacities due to stroke and Alzheimer s disease. In some instances, Alzheimer s disease or other signifiers of dementedness may do the patient to be uncharacteristically aggressive ( Coyne, 1996 ) . It is merely in recent old ages that maltreatment of the aged has become more evident, Crawford Et Al ( 2008, p122 ) argues that over clip it has really easy come to the attending of people in the last 50 old ages that abuse does really be behind closed doors ; in the 1950 s older people lived in big households where issues were hidden, and in the 60 s to 70 s older people started populating entirely or in residential places and it was non until the early 80 s that maltreatment had started to be recognised and defined. Penhale and Kingston ( 1997 ) argue that over the old ages it has been hard to underscore the issues of maltreatment due to non happening a sound theoretical base to which an understanding of a standard definition can be made and applied. Action on senior maltreatment ( 2006 ) defines elder maltreatment as A individual or repeated act or deficiency of appropriate action, happening within any relationship where there is an outlook of trust, which causes injury or hurt t o an older individual . Abuse comes in non merely physical maltreatment it comes besides in sexual, psychological, neglect, favoritism and fiscal every bit good. Older people may be abused by a broad scope of people including household members, friends, professional staff, attention workers, voluntaries or other service users, maltreatment can besides be perpetrated as a consequence of deliberate, carelessness or ignorance ( Royal pharmaceutical society ( RCA ) , 2007 ) . Maltreatment can happen in a assortment of fortunes and topographic points such as, in ain place, in a residential or twenty-four hours attention puting or infirmary and can by more than one individual or administration. Pritchard ( 2005 ) asserts that we will neer hold a true image of the prevalence of senior maltreatment due to the unreported instances, and can merely number 1s that are known to administrations and services. Most maltreatment is still unreported due to victims being frightened, ashamed and embarrassed to describe the maltreatment, non gaining their rights or non being able to due to tier mental wellness. Summers et Al ( 2006, p7 ) points out that those legislative acts that make abuse condemnable are frequently uneffective due to them non being utilised by the victim , and this means that this will be the biggest challenge and barrier for alteration in acquiring people to recognize the graduated table of the job and raising awareness so that the authorities agree to alter the statute law to protect older people. Abuse of any sort should non be ignored and there should be statute law to protect grownups from maltreatment like there is in kid protection, people who recognise the extent of senior maltreatment argue why should adults be treated as 2nd category to kids, is their agony and deceases any less of import? The Alzheimer s Society ( 2010 ) states that abuse of people with dementedn ess should be considered in the same manner as kid maltreatment . Crawford and Walker ( 2008, p12 ) province that prejudice refers to an inflexibleness of the head and idea, to values and attitudes that stand in the manner of just and non judgmental pattern . Thompson ( 2006, p13 ) defines favoritism as the procedure in which difference is identified and that difference is used as the footing of unjust intervention. A barrier to recognizing the maltreatment of people with dementedness and older people is that of societal stigma, negative perceptual experiences and intensions of words for mental wellness, such as baffled or doddering. Confused is something that we all experience at some clip in our lives, whereas senile is a more complex word and the first recording of its use was impersonal significance refering to old age, but now has negative intensions linked to mental diminution due to age ( Crawford and Walker, 2008 ) . Therefore, disputing people s perceptual experiences needs to done to alter these societal concepts to enable a alteration i n statute law and protection of vulnerable grownups. In March 2010 the section of wellness ran a series of runs to turn to hapless public apprehension of dementedness which included Television, wireless, imperativeness and on-line advertisement having real-people with dementedness ( Department of wellness, 2009 ) . In 2009 the first of all time dementia scheme was launched that hopes to transform the quality of dementedness attention, It sets out enterprises designed to do the lives of people with dementedness, their carer s and households better and more fulfilled It will increase consciousness of dementedness, guarantee early diagnosing and intercession and radically better the quality of attention that people with the status receive. Proposals include the debut of a dementia specializer into every general infirmary and attention place and for mental wellness squads to measure people with dementedness ( Department of wellness, 2009 ) . However, this is non statute law it is merely a scheme for covering with people with dementedness. The authorities are recognizing that there is small protection for vulnerable grownups and that farther statute law demand to be put in topographic point and saying that dementedness attention is a precedence ( BBC intelligence, 2007 ) . At present, there is no 1 particular statute law which straight protects vulnerable grownups, alternatively the applicable responsibilities and powers to measure and step in are contained within a scope of statute law and models, such as the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and Mental Health Act 2007 and the national service model for older people. One of the subjects for national service model ( NSF ) is esteeming the person which was triggered by a concern about widespread violation of self-respect and unjust favoritism in older peoples entree to care. The NSF hence leads programs to undertake age favoritism and to guarantee that older people are treated with regard, harmonizing to their single demands, specifically in standard 2 it relates to individual centred attention ( Crawford and Walker, 2008, p8 ) . And outlook of NSF is that there must be systems and processes put in topographic point to enable multi bureau working. In 2000 the authorities published No secrets which is counsel that requires local governments to put up a multi bureau model which includes wellness and the constabulary with a lead individual ( grownup societal attention ) to transport out processs into the allegations of maltreatment whilst equilibrating confidentiality and information sharing ( Samuel, 2008 ) . No Secrets is merely guidance and does non transport the same position as statute law, the LA s conformity is assessed through an review procedure, hence the LA can with good ground choose to disregard the counsel ( Action on senior maltreatment, 2006 ) . This has concerned bureaus who want to see the protection of grownups given the same tantamount precedences as kid protection and believe that statute law is the lone manner to carry through this. A reappraisal of No Secrets counsel has been carried out in 2008 and consulted with over 12000 people ( Department of Health, 2009 ) , the study found that over half ( 68 % ) of the respondents were in understanding to new safeguarding statute law and 92 % wanted local safeguarding boards to be placed on a statutory terms and still there is no statute law to protect vulnerable grownups ( Ahmed, 2009 ) . A recent article in community attention told the failure of the authorities to perpetrate to doing a policy has merely strengthened candidates fight and given rise to unfavorable judgment ( Ahmed, 2009 ) . The demand to protect vulnerable people brought about the protection of vulnerable grownups strategy ( POVA ) which is run by the Department of Health to modulate and supervise the employment of staff in the societal attention work force, through this strategy a list of people who are unsuitable to work with vulnerable people is unbroken. More late, the Safeguarding of Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 which was launched in 2008 replaced POVA with the Independent Safeguarding Authority ( IDeA, 2009 ) . The job with this is that maltreaters of dementedness sick persons are normally household member or informal carer that are under considerable emphasis and may non having aid from within the wellness and societal attention system, hence, an opprobrious state of affairs can transport on for some clip until the state of affairs is found by an foreigner. This state of affairs may merely be found when a informal carer starts inquiring for aid, and when informed of the state of affairs it is good pattern and indispensable to do certain that carers are acquiring the aid they need which can forestall the opprobrious state of affairss. Under the 1995 Carers ( Recognition and Services ) Act carers are entitled their ain appraisal of demand and by making so this may let for reprieve or payments to be made for their services ( Parker Et Al, 2003 ) . University College London research workers who interviewed people caring for relations with dementedness in their ain places stated within their research that Giving carers entree to reprieve, psychological support and fiscal security could assist stop mistreatment ( Cooper et al,2009 ) . When working with relations who are carers it is of import to retrieve who is the service user, although it is of import to determine the wants of the comparative it should non overrule the wants of the service user, this is particularly true when there is a break down in the attention of the service user and the carer wishes the service user to be p laced in attention. Many older people with dementedness receive attention in a residential place ; this may be due to household member no longer being able to get by with the attention of the individual. The local authorization has a responsibility to measure the demands of a individual with dementedness guaranting that their wants are heard and equal attention is put in topographic point. Assessment is an on-going procedure, in which the client participates, the intent of which is to understand people in relation to their environment ; it is a footing for be aftering what needs to be done to keep, better or convey about alteration in the individual, the environment or both ( Anderson Et Al, 2005 ) . The problem with puting people with dementedness in attention places is there are non plenty attention places specifically for people with dementedness and people end up in a place that do non hold trained staff to get by with single demands of person with dementedness, hence, people s wants may non be heard. As portion of the joint appraisal procedure it is the societal workers function to determine the wants of the person, this is done by measuring their demands in an holistic manner which includes and medical and societal facets of the individual. If there is uncertainty as to the mental capacity of the individual so a mental capacity appraisal will necessitate to be acquired by inquiring to joint buttocks with community psychiatric nurses ( CPN ) . Priestley ( 1998 ) states that the community attention reforms established the rule of joint working between wellness and societal services governments as a precedence for effectual attention appraisal and direction with societal servi ces taking the lead function . In decision at that place seem to hold been many displacements in the way of how policy and processs model and counsel attention for people with dementedness, although there is still no steadfast statute law to protect them. However, there seems to be more acknowledgment of the issues that surround dementedness and future ends are towards the preparation of people to understand those issues so that professionals are able to cover with the complex demands of a individual with dementedness. Word count 2969

The American Liberty Elm - Overview

The American Liberty Elm - Overview American Liberty Elm : The state tree of both Massachusetts and North Dakota, American elm is a beautiful tree but subject to getting a serious disease called Dutch elm disease or DED. The good news is that resistant tree strains are starting to improve the American elms situation. Elm Research Institute (ERI) has developed on of the best, called the American Liberty Elm, and offers matching grants to groups who want to plant the tree. Habit and Range: American elm is one of the most popular of urban shade trees. This tree was planted along downtown city streets for decades. The tree has had major problems with Dutch elm disease and has until now been out of favor when considered for urban tree planting. In North America, American elm attains medium to large tree status and grows 60 to 80 tall. American elm occupies one of the largest north-south ranges in North America - from Canada to Florida. Enter Elm Research Institute (ERI): A new matching tree grant program has been announced by Elm Research Institute (ERI), a nonprofit organization based in Keene, NH. This unique, community-oriented promotion features disease-resistant American Liberty Elms which are the only street proven, purebred, native American elms with a lifetime warranty against Dutch elm disease. This warrenty is backed by ERI. About ERIs American Liberty Elm Grant: How the Matching Tree Grant Program works:For every inch of caliper purchased in trees 3 inch caliper and larger, ERI will donate one 1 inch or 2 inch caliper tree for planting on public property.Your Options:(A) For every inch of caliper purchased in trees Size No. 3 or larger ERI will donate an equal total in Sizes No. 1 or No. 2 trees to be presented as a gift to your municipality for planting on public property.(B) You purchase (4)trees of any size and get {1) tree free. Says the Founder of ERI: “Liberty elms have become extremely popular with new home owners, builders, landscape architects, developers and contractors” says John P. Hansel, Founder of ERI. “We will extend the Matching Tree Grant Program to those who are specifying and planting American Liberty Elms.” Why Plant American Liberty Elms?: The American Liberty Elm has shown superior resistance to disease fungus inoculations over successive years, says ERI. The elm has had more than 20 years of street testing, growing in communities where Dutch elm disease is present. In an ultimate field test, losses among the over 300,000 trees planted have been less than 1 per cent. With more elms now on the market claiming resistance, you need to inquire about the origin and track record of any elm you are considering says Hansel. Why Plant an American Elm?: The American Elm displays a classic elm form, and is perfect for many landscape designs, including elm-lined drives, elm groves and specimen elms. As an elms matures, it displays wide canopies to heights that afford clear views of the architectural details of buildings and deep shade for people to enjoy.A favorite of Fredrick Law Olmsted, the American elm was included in his plans for the U.S. Capitol grounds, New York Citys Central Park and other projects. More on the Matching Tree Grant Program: For more information about the Matching Tree Grant Program, phone Elm Research Institute at 1-800-367-3567 (FOR-ELMS), online at www.landscapeelms.com or write Elm Research Institute, 11 Kit St, Keene, NH 03431. Individuals may also get a free 2-3 ft. tree with a $45 membership. Expert Comments on Elms: It is massive, long lived, tough, easy to grow, adaptable and blessed with an arching, wine-glass-like silhouette, making it the perfect street tree. - Guy Sternberg, Native Trees for North American LandscapesMost trees find life an ongoing struggle, but elms have been through a singular hell.- Arthur Plotnik, The Urban Tree BookFrom a pragmatic viewpoint, it is difficult to recommend this species because of the disease problem. If the newer, resistant selections prove successful, then I would consider planting...- Michael Dirr, Dirrs Hardy Trees and Shrubs

Toyota Final Simulation Bus310 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toyota Final Simulation Bus310 - Essay Example Here, the case study puts emphasis on the three organizational environments and how each contributed to the technological development. The success of every organization is highly dependent on such an organization’s resource composition and how best they mobilize those internal resources. The invention of the simulator portrays Toyota as an organization which mobilizes its internal resources: finances, natural and human resources to better satisfy their customers (Liker & Meier, 2006). With the final simulation at hand, it is predictable that Toyota is destined to gain a huge internal environmental support since, whenever an organization comes up with a new landmark invention; such an organization is always motivated to do even more. A motivated human resource, for instance, is always characterized by creativity and innovation as well as working towards the achievement of the organizational goals. Toyota is one organization that can highly be credited for how it has matched its internal environment to its external environment. The near external environment is always characterized with those factors that an organization has little influence over as opposed to the internal resources (Liker & Meier, 2006). The vital factors in the near external environment include the customers and the suppliers whose contributions are essential to the success of any organization. For most entrepreneurs, it is the customers and the suppliers that a company should hold dear to their activities. It is very logical that an organization that does not pay attention to their customers have no future. In coming up with the perfect simulator, it is predictable that Toyota fully exploited their near external environment. The customers for instance influence a huge amount of organizational decisions depend highly on the feedback such an organization gets from its customers. In fully implementing the driving simulation technology, it is